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Nature:中美科學家揭開雜交植物優勢之謎

來源 科學網
中美科學家揭開雜交植物優勢之謎

圖片說明:雜交擬南芥(中間)比其親本(左和右)要大。
(圖片來源:Jeff Chen/Nature)
   中美科學家近日研究發現,雜交植物比其親本生長更大更好的原因在于,它們負責光合作用和淀粉代謝的基因在白天要更為活躍。這一發現在農業生產中將具有重要的意義。相關論文11月23日在線發表于《自然》(Nature)雜志上。
   科學家早已知道,諸如雜交玉米等雜交植物比它們的親本更為健壯,產量更高,種子更大。在多倍體植物中也具有類似的現象,超過70%的開花植物都是天然的多倍體。然而,科學家一直未能理解其中的分子機制。
    在*新的研究中,中國農業大學的JeffreyChen和合作者利用擬南芥研究發現,在雜交植物和多倍體植物中,與光合作用和淀粉代謝有關的基因的表達得到了增加,在白天的時候,表達量是其親本的好幾倍。雜交植物和多倍體植物表現出更多的光合作用、葉綠素和淀粉積聚,所有這些導致植株更加高大。
    在進一步的研究中,研究人員在雜交植物和多倍體植物中發現了生理時鐘調節子和生長勢(growthvigor)之間的直接聯系。生理時鐘控制著植物和動物的生長、代謝和適切性。研究人員發現,在白天的時候,雜交植物和多倍體植物中的一些調節子——轉錄抑制子被更多地抑制,導致光合作用和淀粉積聚增加。
   Chen說:“在此次發現之前,沒人真正知道雜交和多倍性怎樣增加生長勢,這肯定不是這種現象背后的**機制,但它是一個巨大的進步?!?br>   他表示,利用這一發現,他們現在可以開發基因組和生物技術工具,以發現和培育更好的雜交和多倍體植物。他說:“我們可以考慮在親本中篩選這些基因,并選擇一些來培育*好的雜交種。這可以通過傳統的培養技術來實現,并將在提高燃料作物和糧食作物產量方面產生巨大影響?!保▌撡愋侣勚行腸anspecsci.com)

創賽推薦原始出處:

Nature,doi:10.1038/nature07523,Zhongfu Ni,Z. Jeffrey Chen
Altered circadian rhythms regulate growth vigour in hybrids andallopolyploids
Zhongfu Ni1,6,7, Eun-Deok Kim1,6, Misook Ha1,2,3, Erika Lackey1,Jianxin Liu1, Yirong Zhang1,7, Qixin Sun5 & Z. JeffreyChen1,2,3,4
1 Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology,
2 Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology,
3 Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, and,
4 Section of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas atAustin, One University Station, A-4800, Austin, Texas 78712,USA
5 Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China AgriculturalUniversity, Yuanmingyuan Xilu No. 2, Beijing, 100094, China
6 These authors contributed equally to this work.
7 Present address: Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, ChinaAgricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xilu No. 2, Beijing, 100094,China.
Segregating hybrids and stable allopolyploids display morphologicalvigour1, 2, 3, and Arabidopsis allotetraploids are larger than theparents Arabidopsis thaliana and Arabidopsis arenosa 1, 4—themechanisms for this are unknown. Circadian clocks mediate metabolicpathways and increase fitness in animals and plants5, 6, 7, 8. Herewe report that epigenetic modifications of the circadian clockgenes CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1 (CCA1) and LATE ELONGATEDHYPOCOTYL (LHY)9, 10, 11 and their reciprocal regulators TIMING OFCAB EXPRESSION 1 (TOC1) and GIGANTEA (GI)10, 12, 13 mediateexpression changes in downstream genes and pathways. During theday, epigenetic repression of CCA1 and LHY induced the expressionof TOC1, GI and downstream genes containing evening elements14 inchlorophyll and starch metabolic pathways in allotetraploids and F1hybrids, which produced more chlorophyll and starch than theparents in the same environment. Mutations in cca1 and cca1 lhy andthe daily repression of cca1 by RNA interference (RNAi) inTOC1::cca1(RNAi) transgenic plants increased the expression ofdownstream genes and increased chlorophyll and starch content,whereas constitutively expressing CCA1 or ectopically expressingTOC1::CCA1 had the opposite effect. The causal effects of CCA1 onoutput traits suggest that hybrids and allopolyploids gainadvantages from the control of circadian-mediated physiological andmetabolic pathways, leading to growth vigour and increasedbiomass.

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